Method and apparatus used in wlans

ABSTRACT

The application relates to puncture indication used in wireless local area networks (WLANs), and in particular provides a method, including: generating a trigger frame including puncture information for a Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); and transmitting the trigger frame to a User Equipment (UE) to trigger the UE to transmit the PPDU.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to wirelesscommunication, and in particular, to a method and apparatus used inWireless Local Area Networks (WLANs).

BACKGROUND

In Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11standards, a trigger frame is used to allocate resources for and solicitone or more Trigger Based (TB) Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit(PPDU) transmissions. The trigger frame also carries other informationrequired to transmit a TB PPDU. However, the trigger frame does notinclude puncture information for the TB PPDU.

SUMMARY

An aspect of the disclosure provides a method, comprising: generating atrigger frame comprising puncture information for a Trigger Based (TB)Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); and transmitting thetrigger frame to a user device to trigger the user device to transmitthe TB PPDU.

An aspect of the disclosure provides an apparatus, comprising processorcircuitry configured to: generate a trigger frame comprising punctureinformation for a Trigger Based (TB) Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol DataUnit (PPDU); and transmit the trigger frame to a user device to triggerthe user device to transmit the TB PPDU.

An aspect of the disclosure provides a computer readable medium storinginstructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to: generate a triggerframe comprising puncture information for a Trigger Based (TB) PhysicalLayer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); and transmit the trigger frame toa user device to trigger the user device to transmit the TB PPDU.

An aspect of the disclosure provides a method, comprising: applyingpreamble puncturing for a non-High Throughput (non-HT) DuplicatePhysical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); converting the non-HTDuplicate PPDU, for which the preamble puncturing has been applied, intoa radio signal; and transmitting the radio signal according to apreamble puncture mask.

An aspect of the disclosure provides an apparatus, comprising processorcircuitry configured to: apply preamble puncturing for a non-HighThroughput (non-HT) Duplicate Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit(PPDU); convert the non-HT Duplicate PPDU, for which the preamblepuncturing has been applied, into a radio signal; and transmit the radiosignal according to a preamble puncture mask.

An aspect of the disclosure provides a computer readable medium storinginstructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to: apply preamblepuncturing for a non-High Throughput (non-HT) Duplicate Physical Layer(PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); convert the non-HT Duplicate PPDU, forwhich the preamble puncturing has been applied, into a radio signal; andtransmit the radio signal according to a preamble puncture mask.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the disclosure will be illustrated, by way of example andnot limitation, in conjunction with the figures of the accompanyingdrawings in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements andwherein:

FIG. 1 is a network diagram illustrating an example network environmentaccording to some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a method 200 according to some embodimentsof the disclosure.

FIG. 3A is a diagram showing an exemplary trigger frame format accordingto some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 3B is a diagram showing an exemplary common information fieldformat according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 4A is a flowchart showing a method 400 according to someembodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 4B is a diagram showing a preamble puncture mask when one or morepunctured subchannels are at the edge of the Non-HT Duplicate PPDUaccording to some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 4C is a diagram showing a preamble puncture mask when two or morepunctured subchannels of 20 MHz are in the middle of the Non-HTDuplicate PPDU according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 4D is a diagram showing a preamble puncture mask when the apunctured subchannel of 20 MHz is in the middle of the Non-HT DuplicatePPDU according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a functional diagram of an exemplary communication station500, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of thedisclosure.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example of a machine or system 600 uponwhich any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussedherein may be performed.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a radio architecture 700A, 700B inaccordance with some embodiments that may be implemented in any one ofAPs 104 and/or the user devices 102 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 8 illustrates WLAN FEM circuitry 704 a in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 9 illustrates radio IC circuitry 706 a in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 10 illustrates a functional block diagram of baseband processingcircuitry 708 a in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various aspects of the illustrative embodiments will be described usingterms commonly employed by those skilled in the art to convey thesubstance of the disclosure to others skilled in the art. However, itwill be apparent to those skilled in the art that many alternateembodiments may be practiced using portions of the described aspects.For purposes of explanation, specific numbers, materials, andconfigurations are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the illustrative embodiments. However, it will beapparent to those skilled in the art that alternate embodiments may bepracticed without the specific details. In other instances, well knownfeatures may have been omitted or simplified in order to avoid obscuringthe illustrative embodiments.

Further, various operations will be described as multiple discreteoperations, in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in understandingthe illustrative embodiments; however, the order of description shouldnot be construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily orderdependent. In particular, these operations need not be performed in theorder of presentation.

The phrases “in an embodiment” “in one embodiment” and “in someembodiments” are used repeatedly herein. The phrase generally does notrefer to the same embodiment; however, it may. The terms “comprising,”“having,” and “including” are synonymous, unless the context dictatesotherwise. The phrases “A or B” and “A/B” mean “(A), (B), or (A and B).”

FIG. 1 is a network diagram illustrating an example network environmentaccording to some embodiments of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1, awireless network 100 may include one or more user devices 102 and one ormore access points (APs) 104, which may communicate in accordance withIEEE 802.11 communication standards. The user devices 102 may be mobiledevices that are non-stationary (e.g., not having fixed locations) ormay be stationary devices.

In some embodiments, the user devices 102 and APs 104 may include one ormore function modules similar to those in the functional diagram of FIG.5 and/or the example machine/system of FIG. 6.

The one or more user devices 102 and/or APs 104 may be operable by oneor more users 110. It should be noted that any addressable unit may be astation (STA). A STA may take on multiple distinct characteristics, eachof which shape its function. For example, a single addressable unitmight simultaneously be a portable STA, a quality-of-service (QoS) STA,a dependent STA, and a hidden STA. The one or more user devices 102 andthe one or more APs 104 may be STAs. The one or more user devices 102and/or APs 104 may operate as a personal basic service set (PBSS)control point/access point (PCP/AP). The user devices 102 (e.g., 1024,1026, or 1028) and/or APs 104 may include any suitable processor-drivendevice including, but not limited to, a mobile device or a non-mobile,e.g., a static device. For example, the user devices 102 and/or APs 104may include, a user equipment (UE), a station (STA), an access point(AP), a software enabled AP (SoftAP), a personal computer (PC), awearable wireless device (e.g., bracelet, watch, glasses, ring, etc.), adesktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, an Ultrabook™computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, ahandheld computer, a handheld device, an internet of things (IoT)device, a sensor device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) device, ahandheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybriddevice (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalities with PDA devicefunctionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device, a non-vehiculardevice, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile or non-portabledevice, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a personal communicationsservice (PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wirelesscommunication device, a mobile or portable global positioning system(GPS) device, a digital video broadcasting (DVB) device, a relativelysmall computing device, a non-desktop computer, a “carry small livelarge” (CSLL) device, an ultra mobile device (UMD), an ultra mobile PC(UMPC), a mobile internet device (MID), an “origami” device or computingdevice, a device that supports dynamically composable computing (DCC), acontext-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, aset-top-box (STB), a blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a digitalvideo disc (DVD) player, a high definition (HD) DVD player, a DVDrecorder, a HD DVD recorder, a personal video recorder (PVR), abroadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, anaudio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat paneldisplay, a personal media player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), adigital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier,a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a digital still camera(DSC), a media player, a smartphone, a television, a music player, orthe like. Other devices, including smart devices such as lamps, climatecontrol, car components, household components, appliances, etc. may alsobe included in this list.

As used herein, the term “Internet of Things (IoT) device” is used torefer to any object (e.g., an appliance, a sensor, etc.) that has anaddressable interface (e.g., an Internet protocol (IP) address, aBluetooth identifier (ID), a near-field communication (NFC) ID, etc.)and can transmit information to one or more other devices over a wiredor wireless connection. An IoT device may have a passive communicationinterface, such as a quick response (QR) code, a radio-frequencyidentification (RFID) tag, an NFC tag, or the like, or an activecommunication interface, such as a modem, a transceiver, atransmitter-receiver, or the like. An IoT device can have a particularset of attributes (e.g., a device state or status, such as whether theIoT device is on or off, open or closed, idle or active, available fortask execution or busy, and so on, a cooling or heating function, anenvironmental monitoring or recording function, a light-emittingfunction, a sound-emitting function, etc.) that can be embedded inand/or controlled/monitored by a central processing unit (CPU),microprocessor, ASIC, or the like, and configured for connection to anIoT network such as a local ad-hoc network or the Internet. For example,IoT devices may include, but are not limited to, refrigerators,toasters, ovens, microwaves, freezers, dishwashers, dishes, hand tools,clothes washers, clothes dryers, furnaces, air conditioners,thermostats, televisions, light fixtures, vacuum cleaners, sprinklers,electricity meters, gas meters, etc., so long as the devices areequipped with an addressable communications interface for communicatingwith the IoT network. IoT devices may also include cell phones, desktopcomputers, laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digitalassistants (PDAs), etc. Accordingly, the IoT network may be comprised ofa combination of “legacy” Internet-accessible devices (e.g., laptop ordesktop computers, cell phones, etc.) in addition to devices that do nottypically have Internet-connectivity (e.g., dishwashers, etc.).

The user devices 102 and/or APs 104 may also include mesh stations in,for example, a mesh network, in accordance with one or more IEEE 802.11standards and/or 3GPP standards.

Any of the user devices 102 (e.g., user devices 1024, 1026, 1028) andAPs 104 may be configured to communicate with each other via one or morecommunications networks 130 and/or 135 wirelessly or wired. The userdevices 102 may also communicate peer-to-peer or directly with eachother with or without APs 104. Any of the communications networks 130and/or 135 may include, but not limited to, any one of a combination ofdifferent types of suitable communications networks such as, forexample, broadcasting networks, cable networks, public networks (e.g.,the Internet), private networks, wireless networks, cellular networks,or any other suitable private and/or public networks. Further, any ofthe communications networks 130 and/or 135 may have any suitablecommunication range associated therewith and may include, for example,global networks (e.g., the Internet), metropolitan area networks (MANs),wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), or personal areanetworks (PANs). In addition, any of the communications networks 130and/or 135 may include any type of medium over which network traffic maybe carried including, but not limited to, coaxial cable, twisted-pairwire, optical fiber, a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) medium, microwaveterrestrial transceivers, radio frequency communication mediums, whitespace communication mediums, ultra-high frequency communication mediums,satellite communication mediums, or any combination thereof.

Any of the user devices 102 (e.g., user devices 1024, 1026, 1028) andAPs 104 may include one or more communications antennas. The one or morecommunications antennas may be any suitable type of antennascorresponding to the communications protocols used by the user devices102 (e.g., user devices 1024, 1026 and 1028) and APs 104. Somenon-limiting examples of suitable communications antennas include Wi-Fiantennas, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)802.11 family of standards compatible antennas, directional antennas,non-directional antennas, dipole antennas, folded dipole antennas, patchantennas, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas,omnidirectional antennas, quasi-omnidirectional antennas, or the like.The one or more communications antennas may be communicatively coupledto a radio component to transmit and/or receive signals, such ascommunications signals to and/or from the user devices 102 and/or APs104.

Any of the user devices 102 (e.g., user devices 1024, 1026, 1028) andAPs 104 may be configured to perform directional transmission and/ordirectional reception in conjunction with wirelessly communicating in awireless network. Any of the user devices 102 (e.g., user devices 1024,1026, 1028) and APs 104 may be configured to perform such directionaltransmission and/or reception using a set of multiple antenna arrays(e.g., DMG antenna arrays or the like). Each of the multiple antennaarrays may be used for transmission and/or reception in a particularrespective direction or range of directions. Any of the user devices 102(e.g., user devices 1024, 1026, 1028) and APs 104 may be configured toperform any given directional transmission towards one or more definedtransmit sectors. Any of the user devices 102 (e.g., user devices 1024,1026, 1028) and APs 104 may be configured to perform any givendirectional reception from one or more defined receive sectors.

MIMO beamforming in a wireless network may be accomplished using radiofrequency (RF) beamforming and/or digital beamforming. In someembodiments, in performing a given MIMO transmission, the user devices102 and/or APs 104 may be configured to use all or a subset of its oneor more communications antennas to perform MIMO beamforming.

Any of the user devices 102 (e.g., user devices 1024, 1026, 1028) andAPs 104 may include any suitable radio and/or transceiver fortransmitting and/or receiving radio frequency (RF) signals in thebandwidth and/or channels corresponding to the communications protocolsutilized by any of the user devices 102 and APs 104 to communicate witheach other. The radio components may include hardware and/or software tomodulate and/or demodulate communications signals according topre-established transmission protocols. The radio components may furtherhave hardware and/or software instructions to communicate via one ormore Wi-Fi and/or Wi-Fi direct protocols, as standardized by theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11standards. It should be understood that this list of communicationchannels in accordance with certain 802.11 standards is only a partiallist and that other 802.11 standards may be used (e.g., Next GenerationWi-Fi, or other standards). In some embodiments, non-Wi-Fi protocols maybe used for communications between devices, such as Bluetooth, dedicatedshort-range communication (DSRC), Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) (e.g. IEEE802.11af, IEEE 802.22), white band frequency (e.g., white spaces), orother packetized radio communications. The radio component may includeany known receiver and baseband suitable for communicating via thecommunications protocols. The radio component may further include a lownoise amplifier (LNA), additional signal amplifiers, ananalog-to-digital (A/D) converter, one or more buffers, and digitalbaseband.

In accordance with the IEEE 802.11 standards (for example, the IEEE802.11ax standard), any of APs 104 may transmit a trigger frame to oneof the user devices 102, for example, the user device 1024 to triggerthe user devices 1024 to transmit a Trigger Based (TB) Physical Layer(PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU). However, the trigger frame does notinclude puncture information for the TB PPDU, which brings inconvenienceto data encoding for the TB PPDU.

In view of the above problem, it is proposed to provide a trigger frameincluding the puncture information, so as to facilitate data encodingfor the TB PPDU in addition to allocating resources for and solicitingtransmission of the TB PPDU.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a method 200 according to some embodimentsof the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2, the method 200 may include: S202,generating a trigger frame including puncture information for a TB PPDU;and S204, transmitting the trigger frame to a user device to trigger theuser device to transmit the TB PPDU.

It should be appreciated that the method 200 may be implemented by anyof APs 104. In the method 200, as the trigger frame includes thepuncture information for the TB PPDU, the user device can obtain thepuncture information from the trigger frame directly and perform dataencoding according to the puncture information, data encoding processfor the TB PPDU is simplified.

In some embodiments, the trigger frame may include a common informationfield and a user information field, and the puncture information may becontained within the common information field or the user informationfield and may be represented by a bit map of for example, 8 bits.

In some embodiments, when the puncture information is included withinthe common information field, the puncture information may be containedwithin a reserved subfield of the common information field.

In some embodiments, when the puncture information is included withinthe user information field, the user information field may include aspecial Association Identification (AID) subfield indicating that thepuncture information is contained within the user information field.

Alternatively, in some embodiments, when the puncture information isincluded within the user information field, the common information fieldmay include an indicator indicating that the puncture information iscontained within the user information field. The user information fieldmay include a special AID subfield, and the puncture information may becontained within the special AID subfield.

FIG. 3A is a diagram showing an exemplary trigger frame format accordingto some embodiments of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3A, the triggerframe may include a Frame Control field, a Duration field, a ReceiverAddress (RA) field, a Transmission Address (TA) field, a Common Infofield, a User Info field, a Padding field and a Frame Check Sequence(FCS) field.

FIG. 3B is a diagram showing an exemplary common information fieldformat according to some embodiments of the disclosure. As shown in FIG.3B, the Common Info field shown in FIG. 3A may include a UL HE-SIG-A2Reserved subfield of 9 bits and a reserved subfield of 1 bit.

In some embodiments, when the trigger frame employs the trigger frameformat shown in FIG. 3A and the common information field format shown inFIG. 3B, the puncture information may be contained within the ULHE-SIG-A2 Reserved subfield of the common information field.

In some embodiment, when the trigger frame employs the trigger frameformat shown in FIG. 3A and the common information field format shown inFIG. 3B, and the puncture information is contained within the userinformation field, the indicator indicating that the punctureinformation is contained within the user information field may becontained within the UL HE-SIG-A2 Reserved subfield or the reservedsubfield of 1 bit. Compared with the solution of using the special AIDsubfield to indicate that the puncture information is contained withinthe user information field, the solution of using the indicator toindicate that the puncture information is contained within the userinformation field may save space of the user information field, so thatmore user specific information may be included in the user informationfield.

In some embodiments, the puncture information indicates the position ofa punctured subchannel within the TB PPDU, and the TB PPDU may be anExtremely High Throughput (EHT) TB PPDU.

It should be appreciated that the method 200 may be implemented in WLANscomplying with IEEE 802.11 standards including IEEE 802.11be.

FIG. 4A is a flowchart showing a method 400 according to someembodiments of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4A, the method 400includes: S402, applying preamble puncturing for a non-High Throughput(non-HT) Duplicate Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); S404,converting the non-HT Duplicate PPDU, for which the preamble puncturinghas been applied, into a radio signal; and S406, transmitting the radiosignal according to a preamble puncture mask.

In some embodiments, when the lowest and/or the highest one or moresubchannels are punctured in the non-HT Duplicate PPDU, the preamblepuncture mask is applied at the lower edge of the lowest occupiedsubchannel and at the higher edge of the highest occupied subchannel inthe non-HT Duplicate PPDU.

FIG. 4B is a diagram showing a preamble puncture mask when one or morepunctured subchannels are at the edge of the Non-HT Duplicate PPDUaccording to some embodiments of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4B,the preamble puncture mask has 0 dB relative to a maximum spectraldensity of the radio signal at the edge of the punctured subchannels,−20 dB relative to the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 1MHz frequency offset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels,and −28 dB relative to the maximum spectral density of the radio signalat M/2 MHz frequency offset relative to the edge of the puncturedsubchannels and above. M is the separation in MHz between the lower edgeof the lowest occupied subchannel and the higher edge of the highestoccupied subchannel in the non-HT Duplicate PPDU.

In some embodiments, when two or more contiguous subchannels of 20 MHzare punctured in the non-HT Duplicate PPDU and the punctured subchannelsare not at the edge of the non-HT Duplicate PPDU, the preamble puncturemask is applied at the lower edge and at the higher edge of thepunctured subchannels in the non-HT Duplicate PPDU.

FIG. 4C is a diagram showing a preamble puncture mask when two or morepunctured subchannels of 20 MHz are not at the edge (i.e., in themiddle) of the Non-HT Duplicate PPDU according to some embodiments ofthe disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4, the preamble puncture mask has 0 dBrelative to a maximum spectral density of the radio signal at the edgeof the punctured subchannels, −20 dB relative to the maximum spectraldensity of the radio signal at 1 MHz frequency offset relative to theedge of the punctured subchannels, and −25 dB relative to the maximumspectral density of the radio signal at M/2 MHz frequency offsetrelative to the edge of the punctured subchannels and above. M is acontiguous occupied bandwidth in MHz adjacent to the puncturedsubchannels. Depends on the contiguous occupied bandwidth adjacent tothe lower edge of the punctured subchannels and the contiguous occupiedbandwidth adjacent to the higher edge of the punctured subchannels, thepreamble puncture mask applied at the lower edge and the preamblepuncture mask applied at the higher edge of the punctured subchannelshave different value of M.

In some embodiments, when a subchannel of 20 MHz is punctured in thenon-HT Duplicated PPDU and the punctured subchannel is not at the edgeof the non-HT Duplicated PPDU, the preamble puncture mask is applied atthe punctured subchannel.

FIG. 4D is a diagram showing a preamble puncture mask when a puncturedsubchannel of 20 MHz is not at the edge (i.e., in the middle) of theNon-HT Duplicate PPDU according to some embodiments of the disclosure.As shown in FIG. 4D, the preamble puncture mask has 0 dB relative to amaximum spectral density of the radio signal at the edge of thepunctured subchannel, −20 dB relative to the maximum spectral density ofthe radio signal at 1 MHz frequency offset relative to the edge of thepunctured subchannel, and −23 dB relative to the maximum spectraldensity of the radio signal at 10 MHz frequency offset relative to theedge of the punctured subchannel.

As the transition from 0 dB to −20 dB relative to the maximum spectraldensity of the radio signal is implemented between the edge of thepunctured subchannel and 1 MHz frequency offset relative to the edge ofthe punctured subchannel, the method 400 may be easily implemented. Itshould be appreciated that the method 400 may be implemented by any ofAPs 104 and/or any of the user devices 102.

FIG. 5 shows a functional diagram of an exemplary communication station500, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of thedisclosure. In one embodiment, FIG. 5 illustrates a functional blockdiagram of a communication station that may be suitable for use as theAP 104 (FIG. 1) or the user device 102 (FIG. 1) in accordance with someembodiments. The communication station 500 may also be suitable for useas a handheld device, a mobile device, a cellular telephone, asmartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer,a wearable computer device, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR)subscriber station, an access point, an access terminal, or otherpersonal communication system (PCS) device.

The communication station 500 may include communications circuitry 502and a transceiver 510 for transmitting and receiving signals to and fromother communication stations using one or more antennas 501. Thecommunications circuitry 502 may include circuitry that can operate thephysical layer (PHY) communications and/or medium access control (MAC)communications for controlling access to the wireless medium, and/or anyother communications layers for transmitting and receiving signals. Thecommunication station 500 may also include processing circuitry 506 andmemory 508 arranged to perform the operations described herein. In someembodiments, the communications circuitry 502 and the processingcircuitry 506 may be configured to perform operations detailed in theabove figures, diagrams, and flows.

In accordance with some embodiments, the communications circuitry 502may be arranged to contend for a wireless medium and configure frames orpackets for communicating over the wireless medium. The communicationscircuitry 502 may be arranged to transmit and receive signals. Thecommunications circuitry 502 may also include circuitry formodulation/demodulation, upconversion/downconversion, filtering,amplification, etc. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 506 ofthe communication station 500 may include one or more processors. Inother embodiments, two or more antennas 501 may be coupled to thecommunications circuitry 502 arranged for transmitting and receivingsignals. The memory 508 may store information for configuring theprocessing circuitry 506 to perform operations for configuring andtransmitting message frames and performing the various operationsdescribed herein. The memory 508 may include any type of memory,including non-transitory memory, for storing information in a formreadable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, the memory 508may include a computer-readable storage device, read-only memory (ROM),random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storagemedia, flash-memory devices and other storage devices and media.

In some embodiments, the communication station 500 may be part of aportable wireless communication device, such as a personal digitalassistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wirelesscommunication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, asmartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, adigital camera, an access point, a television, a medical device (e.g., aheart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), a wearable computerdevice, or another device that may receive and/or transmit informationwirelessly.

In some embodiments, the communication station 500 may include one ormore antennas 501. The antennas 501 may include one or more directionalor omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas,monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas,or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. Insome embodiments, instead of two or more antennas, a single antenna withmultiple apertures may be used. In these embodiments, each aperture maybe considered a separate antenna. In some multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectively separated forspatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that mayresult between each of the antennas and the antennas of a transmittingstation.

In some embodiments, the communication station 500 may include one ormore of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multipleantennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, speakers, andother mobile device elements. The display may be a liquid crystaldisplay (LCD) screen including a touch screen.

Although the communication station 500 is illustrated as having severalseparate functional elements, two or more of the functional elements maybe combined and may be implemented by combinations ofsoftware-configured elements, such as processing elements includingdigital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. Forexample, some elements may include one or more microprocessors, DSPs,field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) andcombinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing atleast the functions described herein. In some embodiments, thefunctional elements of the communication station 500 may refer to one ormore processes operating on one or more processing elements.

Certain embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination ofhardware, firmware, and software. Other embodiments may also beimplemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storagedevice, which may be read and executed by at least one processor toperform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storagedevice may include any non-transitory memory mechanism for storinginformation in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). Forexample, a computer-readable storage device may include read-only memory(ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, opticalstorage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices andmedia. In some embodiments, the communication station 500 may includeone or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored ona computer-readable storage device.

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a machine or system600 upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies)discussed herein may be performed. In other embodiments, the machine 600may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked)to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 600 mayoperate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or bothin server-client network environments. In an example, the machine 600may act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed)network environments. The machine 600 may be a personal computer (PC), atablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), amobile telephone, a wearable computer device, a web appliance, a networkrouter, a switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executinginstructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be takenby that machine, such as a base station. Further, while only a singlemachine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken toinclude any collection of machines that individually or jointly executea set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more ofthe methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software asa service (SaaS), or other computer cluster configurations.

Examples, as described herein, may include or may operate on logic or anumber of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangibleentities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operationswhen operating. A module includes hardware. In an example, the hardwaremay be specifically configured to carry out a specific operation (e.g.,hardwired). In another example, the hardware may include configurableexecution units (e.g., transistors, circuits, etc.) and a computerreadable medium containing instructions where the instructions configurethe execution units to carry out a specific operation when in operation.The configuring may occur under the direction of the executions units ora loading mechanism. Accordingly, the execution units arecommunicatively coupled to the computer-readable medium when the deviceis operating. In this example, the execution units may be a member ofmore than one module. For example, under operation, the execution unitsmay be configured by a first set of instructions to implement a firstmodule at one point in time and reconfigured by a second set ofinstructions to implement a second module at a second point in time.

The machine (e.g., computer system) 600 may include a hardware processor602 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit(GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a mainmemory 604 and a static memory 606, some or all of which may communicatewith each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 608. The machine 600 mayfurther include a power management device 632, a graphics display device610, an alphanumeric input device 612 (e.g., a keyboard), and a userinterface (UI) navigation device 614 (e.g., a mouse). In an example, thegraphics display device 610, alphanumeric input device 612, and UInavigation device 614 may be a touch screen display. The machine 600 mayadditionally include a storage device (i.e., drive unit) 616, a signalgeneration device 618 (e.g., a speaker), a multi-link parameters andcapability indication device 619, a network interface device/transceiver620 coupled to antenna(s) 630, and one or more sensors 628, such as aglobal positioning system (GPS) sensor, a compass, an accelerometer, orother sensor. The machine 600 may include an output controller 634, suchas a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wiredor wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.)connection to communicate with or control one or more peripheral devices(e.g., a printer, a card reader, etc.)). The operations in accordancewith one or more example embodiments of the disclosure may be carriedout by a baseband processor. The baseband processor may be configured togenerate corresponding baseband signals. The baseband processor mayfurther include physical layer (PHY) and medium access control layer(MAC) circuitry, and may further interface with the hardware processor602 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and forcontrolling operations of the main memory 604, the storage device 616,and/or the multi-link parameters and capability indication device 619.The baseband processor may be provided on a single radio card, a singlechip, or an integrated circuit (IC).

The storage device 616 may include a machine readable medium 622 onwhich is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 624(e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of thetechniques or functions described herein. The instructions 624 may alsoreside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 604,within the static memory 606, or within the hardware processor 602during execution thereof by the machine 600. In an example, one or anycombination of the hardware processor 602, the main memory 604, thestatic memory 606, or the storage device 616 may constitutemachine-readable media.

The multi-link parameters and capability indication device 619 may carryout or perform any of the operations and processes (e.g., methods 300and 400) described and shown above.

It is understood that the above are only a subset of what the multi-linkparameters and capability indication device 619 may be configured toperform and that other functions included throughout this disclosure mayalso be performed by the multi-link parameters and capability indicationdevice 619.

While the machine-readable medium 622 is illustrated as a single medium,the term “machine-readable medium” may include a single medium ormultiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/orassociated caches and servers) configured to store the one or moreinstructions 624.

Various embodiments may be implemented fully or partially in softwareand/or firmware. This software and/or firmware may take the form ofinstructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium. Those instructions may then be read and executed by oneor more processors to enable performance of the operations describedherein. The instructions may be in any suitable form, such as but notlimited to source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executablecode, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Such a computer-readablemedium may include any tangible non-transitory medium for storinginformation in a form readable by one or more computers, such as but notlimited to read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magneticdisk storage media; optical storage media; a flash memory, etc.

The term “machine-readable medium” may include any medium that iscapable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution bythe machine 600 and that cause the machine 600 to perform any one ormore of the techniques of the disclosure, or that is capable of storing,encoding, or carrying data structures used by or associated with suchinstructions. Non-limiting machine-readable medium examples may includesolid-state memories and optical and magnetic media. In an example, amassed machine-readable medium includes a machine-readable medium with aplurality of particles having resting mass. Specific examples of massedmachine-readable media may include non-volatile memory, such assemiconductor memory devices (e.g., electrically programmable read-onlymemory (EPROM), or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory(EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internalhard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM andDVD-ROM disks.

The instructions 624 may further be transmitted or received over acommunications network 626 using a transmission medium via the networkinterface device/transceiver 620 utilizing any one of a number oftransfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP),transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP),hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communicationsnetworks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network(WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephonenetworks (e.g., cellular networks), plain old telephone (POTS) networks,wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE) 602.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 602.16family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 602.15.4 family of standards,and peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, thenetwork interface device/transceiver 620 may include one or morephysical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or moreantennas to connect to the communications network 626. In an example,the network interface device/transceiver 620 may include a plurality ofantennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-inputmultiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), ormultiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. The term “transmissionmedium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capableof storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by themachine 600 and includes digital or analog communications signals orother intangible media to facilitate communication of such software.

The operations and processes described and shown above may be carriedout or performed in any suitable order as desired in variousimplementations. Additionally, in certain implementations, at least aportion of the operations may be carried out in parallel. Furthermore,in certain implementations, less than or more than the operationsdescribed may be performed.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a radio architecture 700A, 700B inaccordance with some embodiments that may be implemented in any one ofAPs 104 and/or the user devices 102 of FIG. 1. Radio architecture 700A,700B may include radio front-end module (FEM) circuitry 704 a-b, radioIC circuitry 706 a-b and baseband processing circuitry 708 a-b. Radioarchitecture 700A, 700B as shown includes both Wireless Local AreaNetwork (WLAN) functionality and Bluetooth (BT) functionality althoughembodiments are not so limited. In this disclosure, “WLAN” and “Wi-Fi”are used interchangeably.

FEM circuitry 704 a-b may include a WLAN or Wi-Fi FEM circuitry 704 aand a Bluetooth (BT) FEM circuitry 704 b. The WLAN FEM circuitry 704 amay include a receive signal path comprising circuitry configured tooperate on WLAN RF signals received from one or more antennas 701, toamplify the received signals and to provide the amplified versions ofthe received signals to the WLAN radio IC circuitry 706 a for furtherprocessing. The BT FEM circuitry 704 b may include a receive signal pathwhich may include circuitry configured to operate on BT RF signalsreceived from one or more antennas 701, to amplify the received signalsand to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the BTradio IC circuitry 706 b for further processing. FEM circuitry 704 a mayalso include a transmit signal path which may include circuitryconfigured to amplify WLAN signals provided by the radio IC circuitry706 a for wireless transmission by one or more of the antennas 701. Inaddition, FEM circuitry 704 b may also include a transmit signal pathwhich may include circuitry configured to amplify BT signals provided bythe radio IC circuitry 706 b for wireless transmission by the one ormore antennas. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, although FEM 704 a and FEM704 b are shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are notso limited, and include within their scope the use of an FEM (not shown)that includes a transmit path and/or a receive path for both WLAN and BTsignals, or the use of one or more FEM circuitries where at least someof the FEM circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths forboth WLAN and BT signals.

Radio IC circuitry 706 a-b as shown may include WLAN radio IC circuitry706 a and BT radio IC circuitry 706 b. The WLAN radio IC circuitry 706 amay include a receive signal path which may include circuitry todown-convert WLAN RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 704 a andprovide baseband signals to WLAN baseband processing circuitry 708 a. BTradio IC circuitry 706 b may in turn include a receive signal path whichmay include circuitry to down-convert BT RF signals received from theFEM circuitry 704 b and provide baseband signals to BT basebandprocessing circuitry 708 b. WLAN radio IC circuitry 706 a may alsoinclude a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convertWLAN baseband signals provided by the WLAN baseband processing circuitry708 a and provide WLAN RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 704 a forsubsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 701. BTradio IC circuitry 706 b may also include a transmit signal path whichmay include circuitry to up-convert BT baseband signals provided by theBT baseband processing circuitry 708 b and provide BT RF output signalsto the FEM circuitry 704 b for subsequent wireless transmission by theone or more antennas 701. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, although radio ICcircuitries 706 a and 706 b are shown as being distinct from oneanother, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scopethe use of a radio IC circuitry (not shown) that includes a transmitsignal path and/or a receive signal path for both WLAN and BT signals,or the use of one or more radio IC circuitries where at least some ofthe radio IC circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths forboth WLAN and BT signals.

Baseband processing circuitry 708 a-b may include a WLAN basebandprocessing circuitry 708 a and a BT baseband processing circuitry 708 b.The WLAN baseband processing circuitry 708 a may include a memory, suchas, for example, a set of RAM arrays in a Fast Fourier Transform orInverse Fast Fourier Transform block (not shown) of the WLAN basebandprocessing circuitry 708 a. Each of the WLAN baseband circuitry 708 aand the BT baseband circuitry 708 b may further include one or moreprocessors and control logic to process the signals received from thecorresponding WLAN or BT receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry706 a-b, and to also generate corresponding WLAN or BT baseband signalsfor the transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry 706 a-b. Each ofthe baseband processing circuitries 708 a and 708 b may further includephysical layer (PHY) and medium access control layer (MAC) circuitry,and may further interface with a device for generation and processing ofthe baseband signals and for controlling operations of the radio ICcircuitry 706 a-b.

Referring still to FIG. 7, according to the shown embodiment, WLAN-BTcoexistence circuitry 713 may include logic providing an interfacebetween the WLAN baseband circuitry 708 a and the BT baseband circuitry708 b to enable use cases requiring WLAN and BT coexistence. Inaddition, a switch 703 may be provided between the WLAN FEM circuitry704 a and the BT FEM circuitry 704 b to allow switching between the WLANand BT radios according to application needs. In addition, although theantennas 701 are depicted as being respectively connected to the WLANFEM circuitry 704 a and the BT FEM circuitry 704 b, embodiments includewithin their scope the sharing of one or more antennas as between theWLAN and BT FEMs, or the provision of more than one antenna connected toeach of FEM 704 a or 704 b.

In some embodiments, the front-end module circuitry 704 a-b, the radioIC circuitry 706 a-b, and baseband processing circuitry 708 a-b may beprovided on a single radio card, such as wireless radio card 702. Insome other embodiments, the one or more antennas 701, the FEM circuitry704 a-b and the radio IC circuitry 706 a-b may be provided on a singleradio card. In some other embodiments, the radio IC circuitry 706 a-band the baseband processing circuitry 708 a-b may be provided on asingle chip or integrated circuit (IC), such as IC 712.

In some embodiments, the wireless radio card 702 may include a WLANradio card and may be configured for Wi-Fi communications, although thescope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some ofthese embodiments, the radio architecture 700A, 700B may be configuredto receive and transmit orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM)or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communicationsignals over a multicarrier communication channel. The OFDM or OFDMAsignals may comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

In some of these multicarrier embodiments, radio architecture 700A, 700Bmay be part of a Wi-Fi communication station (STA) such as a wirelessaccess point (AP), a base station or a mobile device including a Wi-Fidevice. In some of these embodiments, radio architecture 700A, 700B maybe configured to transmit and receive signals in accordance withspecific communication standards and/or protocols, such as any of theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standardsincluding, 802.11n-2009, IEEE 802.11-2012, IEEE 802.11-2016,802.11n-2009, 802.11ac, 802.11ah, 802.11ad, 802.11ay and/or 802.11axstandards and/or proposed specifications for WLANs, although the scopeof embodiments is not limited in this respect. Radio architecture 700A,700B may also be suitable to transmit and/or receive communications inaccordance with other techniques and standards.

In some embodiments, the radio architecture 700A, 700B may be configuredfor high-efficiency Wi-Fi (HEW) communications in accordance with theIEEE 802.11ax standard. In these embodiments, the radio architecture700A, 700B may be configured to communicate in accordance with an OFDMAtechnique, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in thisrespect.

In some other embodiments, the radio architecture 700A, 700B may beconfigured to transmit and receive signals transmitted using one or moreother modulation techniques such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g.,direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequencyhopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time-divisionmultiplexing (TDM) modulation, and/or frequency-division multiplexing(FDM) modulation, although the scope of the embodiments is not limitedin this respect.

In some embodiments, as further shown in FIG. 7, the BT basebandcircuitry 708 b may be compliant with a Bluetooth (BT) connectivitystandard such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth 8.0 or Bluetooth 6.0, or any otheriteration of the Bluetooth Standard.

In some embodiments, the radio architecture 700A, 700B may include otherradio cards, such as a cellular radio card configured for cellular(e.g., 5GPP such as LTE, LTE-Advanced or 5G communications).

In some IEEE 802.11 embodiments, the radio architecture 700A, 700B maybe configured for communication over various channel bandwidthsincluding bandwidths having center frequencies of about 900 MHz, 2.4GHz, 5 GHz, and bandwidths of about 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 5 MHz, 5.5 MHz, 6 MHz,8 MHz, 10 MHz, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz (with contiguous bandwidths) or80+80 MHz (160 MHz) (with non-contiguous bandwidths). In someembodiments, a 720 MHz channel bandwidth may be used. The scope of theembodiments is not limited with respect to the above center frequencieshowever.

FIG. 8 illustrates WLAN FEM circuitry 704 a in accordance with someembodiments. Although the example of FIG. 8 is described in conjunctionwith the WLAN FEM circuitry 704 a, the example of FIG. 8 may bedescribed in conjunction with the example BT FEM circuitry 704 b (FIG.7), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.

In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 704 a may include a TX/RX switch802 to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEMcircuitry 704 a may include a receive signal path and a transmit signalpath. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 704 a may include alow-noise amplifier (LNA) 806 to amplify received RF signals 803 andprovide the amplified received RF signals 807 as an output (e.g., to theradio IC circuitry 706 a-b (FIG. 7)). The transmit signal path of thecircuitry 704 a may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RFsignals 809 (e.g., provided by the radio IC circuitry 706 a-b), and oneor more filters 812, such as band-pass filters (BPFs), low-pass filters(LPFs) or other types of filters, to generate RF signals 815 forsubsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the antennas 701 (FIG.7)) via an example duplexer 814.

In some dual-mode embodiments for Wi-Fi communication, the FEM circuitry704 a may be configured to operate in either the 2.4 GHz frequencyspectrum or the 5 GHz frequency spectrum. In these embodiments, thereceive signal path of the FEM circuitry 704 a may include a receivesignal path duplexer 804 to separate the signals from each spectrum aswell as provide a separate LNA 806 for each spectrum as shown. In theseembodiments, the transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 704 a mayalso include a power amplifier 810 and a filter 812, such as a BPF, anLPF or another type of filter for each frequency spectrum and a transmitsignal path duplexer 814 to provide the signals of one of the differentspectrums onto a single transmit path for subsequent transmission by theone or more of the antennas 701 (FIG. 7). In some embodiments, BTcommunications may utilize the 2.4 GHz signal paths and may utilize thesame FEM circuitry 704 a as the one used for WLAN communications.

FIG. 9 illustrates radio IC circuitry 706 a in accordance with someembodiments. The radio IC circuitry 706 a is one example of circuitrythat may be suitable for use as the WLAN or BT radio IC circuitry 706a/706 b (FIG. 7), although other circuitry configurations may also besuitable. Alternatively, the example of FIG. 9 may be described inconjunction with the example BT radio IC circuitry 706 b.

In some embodiments, the radio IC circuitry 706 a may include a receivesignal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of theradio IC circuitry 706 a may include at least mixer circuitry 902, suchas, for example, down-conversion mixer circuitry, amplifier circuitry906 and filter circuitry 908. The transmit signal path of the radio ICcircuitry 706 a may include at least filter circuitry 912 and mixercircuitry 914, such as, for example, up-conversion mixer circuitry.Radio IC circuitry 706 a may also include synthesizer circuitry 904 forsynthesizing a frequency 905 for use by the mixer circuitry 902 and themixer circuitry 914. The mixer circuitry 902 and/or 914 may each,according to some embodiments, be configured to provide directconversion functionality. The latter type of circuitry presents a muchsimpler architecture as compared with standard super-heterodyne mixercircuitries, and any flicker noise brought about by the same may bealleviated for example through the use of OFDM modulation. FIG. 9illustrates only a simplified version of a radio IC circuitry, and mayinclude, although not shown, embodiments where each of the depictedcircuitries may include more than one component. For instance, mixercircuitry 914 may each include one or more mixers, and filtercircuitries 908 and/or 912 may each include one or more filters, such asone or more BPFs and/or LPFs according to application needs. Forexample, when mixer circuitries are of the direct-conversion type, theymay each include two or more mixers.

In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 902 may be configured todown-convert RF signals 807 received from the FEM circuitry 704 a-b(FIG. 7) based on the synthesized frequency 905 provided by synthesizercircuitry 904. The amplifier circuitry 906 may be configured to amplifythe down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 908 may include anLPF configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-convertedsignals to generate output baseband signals 907. Output baseband signals907 may be provided to the baseband processing circuitry 708 a-b (FIG.7) for further processing. In some embodiments, the output basebandsignals 907 may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is nota requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 902 may comprisepassive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited inthis respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 914 may be configured toup-convert input baseband signals 911 based on the synthesized frequency905 provided by the synthesizer circuitry 904 to generate RF outputsignals 809 for the FEM circuitry 704 a-b. The baseband signals 911 maybe provided by the baseband processing circuitry 708 a-b and may befiltered by filter circuitry 912. The filter circuitry 912 may includean LPF or a BPF, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited inthis respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 902 and the mixer circuitry 914may each include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadraturedown-conversion and/or up-conversion respectively with the help ofsynthesizer 904. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 902 and themixer circuitry 914 may each include two or more mixers each configuredfor image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In someembodiments, the mixer circuitry 902 and the mixer circuitry 914 may bearranged for direct down-conversion and/or direct up-conversion,respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 902 and the mixercircuitry 914 may be configured for super-heterodyne operation, althoughthis is not a requirement.

Mixer circuitry 902 may comprise, according to one embodiment:quadrature passive mixers (e.g., for the in-phase (I) and quadraturephase (Q) paths). In such an embodiment, RF input signal 807 from FIG. 9may be down-converted to provide I and Q baseband output signals to betransmitted to the baseband processor.

Quadrature passive mixers may be driven by zero and ninety-degreetime-varying LO switching signals provided by a quadrature circuitrywhich may be configured to receive a LO frequency (fLO) from a localoscillator or a synthesizer, such as LO frequency 905 of synthesizer 904(FIG. 9). In some embodiments, the LO frequency may be the carrierfrequency, while in other embodiments, the LO frequency may be afraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency,one-third the carrier frequency). In some embodiments, the zero andninety-degree time-varying switching signals may be generated by thesynthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited inthis respect.

In some embodiments, the LO signals may differ in duty cycle (thepercentage of one period in which the LO signal is high) and/or offset(the difference between start points of the period). In someembodiments, the LO signals may have an 85% duty cycle and an 80%offset. In some embodiments, each branch of the mixer circuitry (e.g.,the in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) path) may operate at an 80%duty cycle, which may result in a significant reduction is powerconsumption.

The RF input signal 807 (FIG. 8) may comprise a balanced signal,although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.The I and Q baseband output signals may be provided to low-noiseamplifier, such as amplifier circuitry 906 (FIG. 9) or to filtercircuitry 908 (FIG. 9).

In some embodiments, the output baseband signals 907 and the inputbaseband signals 911 may be analog baseband signals, although the scopeof the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternateembodiments, the output baseband signals 907 and the input basebandsignals 911 may be digital baseband signals. In these alternateembodiments, the radio IC circuitry may include analog-to-digitalconverter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry.

In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may beprovided for processing signals for each spectrum, or for otherspectrums not mentioned here, although the scope of the embodiments isnot limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 904 may be a fractional-Nsynthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of theembodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequencysynthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 904 maybe a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizercomprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. According tosome embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 904 may include digitalsynthesizer circuitry. An advantage of using a digital synthesizercircuitry is that, although it may still include some analog components,its footprint may be scaled down much more than the footprint of ananalog synthesizer circuitry. In some embodiments, frequency input intosynthesizer circuitry 904 may be provided by a voltage controlledoscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. A divider controlinput may further be provided by either the baseband processingcircuitry 708 a-b (FIG. 7) depending on the desired output frequency905. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may bedetermined from a look-up table (e.g., within a Wi-Fi card) based on achannel number and a channel center frequency as determined or indicatedby the example application processor 710. The application processor 710may include, or otherwise be connected to, one of the example securitysignal converter 101 or the example received signal converter 103 (e.g.,depending on which device the example radio architecture is implementedin).

In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 904 may be configured togenerate a carrier frequency as the output frequency 905, while in otherembodiments, the output frequency 905 may be a fraction of the carrierfrequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrierfrequency). In some embodiments, the output frequency 905 may be a LOfrequency (ILO).

FIG. 10 illustrates a functional block diagram of baseband processingcircuitry 708 a in accordance with some embodiments. The basebandprocessing circuitry 708 a is one example of circuitry that may besuitable for use as the baseband processing circuitry 708 a (FIG. 7),although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.Alternatively, the example of FIG. 10 may be used to implement theexample BT baseband processing circuitry 708 b of FIG. 7.

The baseband processing circuitry 708 a may include a receive basebandprocessor (RX BBP) 1002 for processing receive baseband signals 1009provided by the radio IC circuitry 706 a-b (FIG. 7) and a transmitbaseband processor (TX BBP) 1004 for generating transmit basebandsignals 1011 for the radio IC circuitry 706 a-b. The baseband processingcircuitry 708 a may also include control logic 1006 for coordinating theoperations of the baseband processing circuitry 708 a.

In some embodiments (e.g., when analog baseband signals are exchangedbetween the baseband processing circuitry 708 a-b and the radio ICcircuitry 706 a-b), the baseband processing circuitry 708 a may includeADC 1010 to convert analog baseband signals 1009 received from the radioIC circuitry 706 a-b to digital baseband signals for processing by theRX BBP 1002. In these embodiments, the baseband processing circuitry 708a may also include DAC 1012 to convert digital baseband signals from theTX BBP 1004 to analog baseband signals 1011.

In some embodiments that communicate OFDM signals or OFDMA signals, suchas through baseband processor 708 a, the transmit baseband processor1004 may be configured to generate OFDM or OFDMA signals as appropriatefor transmission by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT).The receive baseband processor 1002 may be configured to processreceived OFDM signals or OFDMA signals by performing an FFT. In someembodiments, the receive baseband processor 1002 may be configured todetect the presence of an OFDM signal or OFDMA signal by performing anautocorrelation, to detect a preamble, such as a short preamble, and byperforming a cross-correlation, to detect a long preamble. The preamblesmay be part of a predetermined frame structure for Wi-Fi communication.

Referring back to FIG. 7, in some embodiments, the antennas 701 (FIG. 7)may each comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas,including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patchantennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennassuitable for transmission of RF signals. In some multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectivelyseparated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the differentchannel characteristics that may result. Antennas 701 may each include aset of phased-array antennas, although embodiments are not so limited.

Although the radio architecture 700A, 700B is illustrated as havingseveral separate functional elements, one or more of the functionalelements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations ofsoftware-configured elements, such as processing elements includingdigital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. Forexample, some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs,field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) andcombinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing atleast the functions described herein. In some embodiments, thefunctional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on oneor more processing elements.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example,instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as“exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred oradvantageous over other embodiments. The terms “computing device,” “userdevice,” “communication station,” “station,” “handheld device,” “mobiledevice,” “wireless device” and “user equipment” (UE) as used hereinrefers to a wireless communication device such as a cellular telephone,a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptopcomputer, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, anaccess point, a printer, a point of sale device, an access terminal, orother personal communication system (PCS) device. The device may beeither mobile or stationary.

As used within this document, the term “communicate” is intended toinclude transmitting, or receiving, or both transmitting and receiving.This may be particularly useful in claims when describing theorganization of data that is being transmitted by one device andreceived by another, but only the functionality of one of those devicesis required to infringe the claim. Similarly, the bidirectional exchangeof data between two devices (both devices transmit and receive duringthe exchange) may be described as “communicating,” when only thefunctionality of one of those devices is being claimed. The term“communicating” as used herein with respect to a wireless communicationsignal includes transmitting the wireless communication signal and/orreceiving the wireless communication signal. For example, a wirelesscommunication unit, which is capable of communicating a wirelesscommunication signal, may include a wireless transmitter to transmit thewireless communication signal to at least one other wirelesscommunication unit, and/or a wireless communication receiver to receivethe wireless communication signal from at least one other wirelesscommunication unit.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the use of the ordinaladjectives “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., to describe a commonobject, merely indicates that different instances of like objects arebeing referred to and are not intended to imply that the objects sodescribed must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, inranking, or in any other manner.

The term “access point” (AP) as used herein may be a fixed station. Anaccess point may also be referred to as an access node, a base station,an evolved node B (eNodeB), or some other similar terminology known inthe art. An access terminal may also be called a mobile station, userequipment (UE), a wireless communication device, or some other similarterminology known in the art. Embodiments disclosed herein generallypertain to wireless networks. Some embodiments may relate to wirelessnetworks that operate in accordance with one of the IEEE 802.11standards.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices andsystems, for example, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, amobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tabletcomputer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, apersonal digital assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, anon-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehiculardevice, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumerdevice, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communicationstation, a wireless communication device, a wireless access point (AP),a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device,an audio device, an audio-video (AN) device, a wired or wirelessnetwork, a wireless area network, a wireless video area network (WVAN),a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a personal areanetwork (PAN), a wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-wayradio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communicationsystems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, apersonal communication system (PCS) device, a PDA device whichincorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portableglobal positioning system (GPS) device, a device which incorporates aGPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFIDelement or chip, a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transceiver ordevice, a single input multiple output (SIMO) transceiver or device, amultiple input single output (MISO) transceiver or device, a devicehaving one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, digitalvideo broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devicesor systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a smartphone, awireless application protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types ofwireless communication signals and/or systems following one or morewireless communication protocols, for example, radio frequency (RF),infrared (IR), frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal FDM(OFDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), time-division multiple access(TDMA), extended TDMA (E-TDMA), general packet radio service (GPRS),extended GPRS, code-division multiple access (CDMA), wideband CDMA(WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA,multi-carrier modulation (MDM), discrete multi-tone (DMT), Bluetooth®,global positioning system (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee, ultra-wideband(UWB), global system for mobile communications (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G,3.5G, 4G, fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, 3GPP, long termevolution (LTE), LTE advanced, enhanced data rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used in various otherdevices, systems, and/or networks.

The following paragraphs describe examples of various embodiments.

Example 1 includes a method, including: generating a trigger frameincluding puncture information for a Trigger Based (TB) Physical Layer(PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); and transmitting the trigger frame to auser device to trigger the user device to transmit the TB PPDU.

Example 2 includes the method of Example 1, wherein the trigger frameincludes a common information field and a user information field, andthe puncture information is contained within the common informationfield.

Example 3 includes the method of Example 2, wherein the punctureinformation is contained within a reserved subfield of the commoninformation field.

Example 4 includes the method of Example 1, wherein the trigger frameincludes a common information field and a user information field, andthe puncture information is contained within the user information field.

Example 5 includes the method of Example 4, wherein the user informationfield includes a special Association Identification (AID) subfieldindicating that the puncture information is contained within the userinformation field.

Example 6 includes the method of Example 4, wherein the commoninformation field includes an indicator indicating that the punctureinformation is contained within the user information field.

Example 7 includes the method of Example 6, wherein the user informationfield comprises a special Association Identification (AID) subfield andthe puncture information is contained within the special AID subfield.

Example 8 includes the method of Example 6, wherein the indicator iscontained within a reserved subfield of the common information field.

Example 9 includes the method of Example 6, wherein the reservedsubfield is UL HE-SIG-A2 of 9 bits.

Example 10 includes the method of Example 1, wherein the punctureinformation indicates the position of a punctured subchannel within theTB PPDU.

Example 11 includes the method of Example 1, wherein the punctureinformation is represented by a bit map of 8 bits.

Example 12 includes the method of Example 1, wherein the TB PPDU is anExtremely High Throughput (EHT) TB PPDU.

Example 13 includes an apparatus, including processor circuitryconfigured to: generate a trigger frame including puncture informationfor a Trigger Based (TB) Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU);and transmit the trigger frame to a user device to trigger the userdevice to transmit the TB PPDU.

Example 14 includes the apparatus of Example 13, wherein the triggerframe includes a common information field and a user information field,and the puncture information is contained within the common informationfield.

Example 15 includes the apparatus of Example 14, wherein the punctureinformation is contained within a reserved subfield of the commoninformation field.

Example 16 includes the apparatus of Example 13, wherein the triggerframe includes a common information field and a user information field,and the puncture information is contained within the user informationfield.

Example 17 includes the apparatus of Example 16, wherein the userinformation field includes a special Association Identification (AID)subfield indicating that the puncture information is contained withinthe user information field.

Example 18 includes the apparatus of Example 16, wherein the commoninformation field includes an indicator indicating that the punctureinformation is contained within the user information field.

Example 19 includes the apparatus of Example 18, wherein the userinformation field comprises a special Association Identification (AID)subfield and the puncture information is contained within the specialAID subfield.

Example 20 includes the apparatus of Example 18, wherein the indicatoris contained within a reserved subfield of the common information field.

Example 21 includes the apparatus of Example 20, wherein the reservedsubfield is UL HE-SIG-A2 of 9 bits.

Example 22 includes the apparatus of Example 13, wherein the punctureinformation indicates the position of a punctured subchannel within theTB PPDU.

Example 23 includes the apparatus of Example 13, wherein the punctureinformation is represented by a bit map of 8 bits.

Example 24 includes the apparatus of Example 13, wherein the PPDU is anExtremely High Throughput (EHT) TB PPDU.

Example 25 includes an apparatus, including: means for generating atrigger frame including puncture information for a Trigger Based (TB)Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); and means fortransmitting the trigger frame to a user device to trigger the userdevice to transmit the TB PPDU.

Example 26 includes the apparatus of Example 25, wherein the triggerframe includes a common information field and a user information field,and the puncture information is contained within the common informationfield.

Example 27 includes the apparatus of Example 26, wherein the punctureinformation is contained within a reserved subfield of the commoninformation field.

Example 28 includes the apparatus of Example 25, wherein the triggerframe includes a common information field and a user information field,and the puncture information is contained within the user informationfield.

Example 29 includes the apparatus of Example 28, wherein the userinformation field includes a special Association Identification (AID)subfield indicating that the puncture information is contained withinthe user information field.

Example 30 includes the apparatus of Example 28, wherein the commoninformation field includes an indicator indicating that the punctureinformation is contained within the user information field.

Example 31 includes the apparatus of Example 30, wherein the userinformation field comprises a special Association Identification (AID)subfield and the puncture information is contained within the specialAID subfield.

Example 32 includes the apparatus of Example 30, wherein the indicatoris contained within a reserved subfield of the common information field.

Example 33 includes the apparatus of Example 32, wherein the reservedsubfield is UL HE-SIG-A2 of 9 bits.

Example 34 includes the apparatus of Example 25, wherein the punctureinformation indicates the position of a punctured subchannel within theTB PPDU.

Example 35 includes the apparatus of Example 25, wherein the punctureinformation is represented by a bit map of 8 bits.

Example 36 includes the apparatus of Example 25, wherein the PPDU is anExtremely High Throughput (EHT) TB PPDU.

Example 37 includes a computer readable medium storing instructionsthereon, the instructions, when executed by one or more processors,cause the one or more processors to: generate a trigger frame includingpuncture information for a Trigger Based (TB) Physical Layer (PHY)Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); and transmit the trigger frame to a userdevice to trigger the user device to transmit the TB PPDU.

Example 38 includes a method, comprising: applying preamble puncturingfor a non-High Throughput (non-HT) Duplicate Physical Layer (PHY)Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); converting the non-HT Duplicate PPDU, forwhich the preamble puncturing has been applied, into a radio signal; andtransmitting the radio signal according to a preamble puncture mask.

Example 39 includes the method of Example 38, wherein when the lowestand/or the highest one or more subchannels are punctured in the non-HTDuplicate PPDU, the preamble puncture mask is applied at the lower edgeof the lowest occupied subchannel and at the higher edge of the highestoccupied subchannel in the non-HT Duplicate PPDU.

Example 40 includes the method of Example 39, wherein the preamblepuncture mask has 0 dB relative to a maximum spectral density of theradio signal at the edge of the punctured subchannels, −20 dB relativeto the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 1 MHz frequencyoffset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels, and −28 dBrelative to the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at M/2 MHzfrequency offset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels andabove, and wherein M is the separation in MHz between the lower edge ofthe lowest occupied subchannel and the higher edge of the highestoccupied subchannel in the non-HT Duplicate PPDU.

Example 41 includes the method of Example 38, wherein when two or morecontiguous subchannels of 20 MHz are punctured in the non-HT DuplicatePPDU and the punctured subchannels are not at the edge of the non-HTDuplicate PPDU, the preamble puncture mask is applied at the lower edgeand at the higher edge of the punctured subchannels in the non-HTDuplicate PPDU.

Example 42 includes the method of Example 41, wherein the preamblepuncture mask has 0 dB relative to a maximum spectral density of theradio signal at the edge of the punctured subchannels, −20 dB relativeto the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 1 MHz frequencyoffset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels, and −25 dBrelative to the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at M/2 MHzfrequency offset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels andabove, and wherein M is a contiguous occupied bandwidth in MHz adjacentto the punctured subchannels.

Example 43 includes the method of Example 42, wherein depends on thecontiguous occupied bandwidth adjacent to the lower edge of thepunctured subchannels and the contiguous occupied bandwidth adjacent tothe higher edge of the punctured subchannels, the preamble puncture maskapplied at the lower edge and the preamble puncture mask applied at thehigher edge of the punctured subchannels have different value of M.

Example 44 includes the method of Example 38, wherein when a subchannelof 20 MHz is punctured in the non-HT Duplicated PPDU and the puncturedsubchannel is not at the edge of the non-HT Duplicated PPDU, thepreamble puncture mask is applied at the punctured subchannel.

Example 45 includes the method of Example 44, wherein the preamblepuncture mask has 0 dB relative to a maximum spectral density of theradio signal at the edge of the punctured subchannel, −20 dB relative tothe maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 1 MHz frequencyoffset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannel, and −23 dBrelative to the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 10 MHzfrequency offset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannel.

Example 46 includes an apparatus, comprising processor circuitryconfigured to: apply preamble puncturing for a non-High Throughput(non-HT) Duplicate Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU);convert the non-HT Duplicate PPDU, for which the preamble puncturing hasbeen applied, into a radio signal; and transmit the radio signalaccording to a preamble puncture mask.

Example 47 includes the apparatus of Example 46, wherein when the lowestand/or the highest one or more subchannels are punctured in the non-HTDuplicate PPDU, the preamble puncture mask is applied at the lower edgeof the lowest occupied subchannel and at the higher edge of the highestoccupied subchannel in the non-HT Duplicate PPDU.

Example 48 includes the apparatus of Example 47, wherein the preamblepuncture mask has 0 dB relative to a maximum spectral density of theradio signal at the edge of the punctured subchannels, −20 dB relativeto the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 1 MHz frequencyoffset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels, and −28 dBrelative to the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at M/2 MHzfrequency offset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels andabove, and wherein M is the separation in MHz between the lower edge ofthe lowest occupied subchannel and the higher edge of the highestoccupied subchannel in the non-HT Duplicate PPDU.

Example 49 includes the apparatus of Example 46, wherein when two ormore contiguous subchannels of 20 MHz are punctured in the non-HTDuplicate PPDU and the punctured subchannels are not at the edge of thenon-HT Duplicate PPDU, the preamble puncture mask is applied at thelower edge and at the higher edge of the punctured subchannels in thenon-HT Duplicate PPDU.

Example 50 includes the apparatus of Example 49, wherein the preamblepuncture mask has 0 dB relative to a maximum spectral density of theradio signal at the edge of the punctured subchannels, −20 dB relativeto the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 1 MHz frequencyoffset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels, and −25 dBrelative to the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at M/2 MHzfrequency offset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels andabove, and wherein M is a contiguous occupied bandwidth in MHz adjacentto the punctured subchannels.

Example 51 includes the apparatus of Example 50, wherein depends on thecontiguous occupied bandwidth adjacent to the lower edge of thepunctured subchannels and the contiguous occupied bandwidth adjacent tothe higher edge of the punctured subchannels, the preamble puncture maskapplied at the lower edge and the preamble puncture mask applied at thehigher edge of the punctured subchannels have different value of M.

Example 52 includes the apparatus of Example 46, wherein when asubchannel of 20 MHz is punctured in the non-HT Duplicated PPDU and thepunctured subchannel is not at the edge of the non-HT Duplicated PPDU,the preamble puncture mask is applied at the punctured subchannel.

Example 53 includes the apparatus of Example 52, wherein the preamblepuncture mask has 0 dB relative to a maximum spectral density of theradio signal at the edge of the punctured subchannel, −20 dB relative tothe maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 1 MHz frequencyoffset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannel, and −23 dBrelative to the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 10 MHzfrequency offset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannel.

Example 54 includes an apparatus, comprising: means for applyingpreamble puncturing for a non-High Throughput (non-HT) DuplicatePhysical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); means for converting thenon-HT Duplicate PPDU, for which the preamble puncturing has beenapplied, into a radio signal; and means for transmitting the radiosignal according to a preamble puncture mask.

Example 55 includes the apparatus of Example 54, wherein when the lowestand/or the highest one or more subchannels are punctured in the non-HTDuplicate PPDU, the preamble puncture mask is applied at the lower edgeof the lowest occupied subchannel and at the higher edge of the highestoccupied subchannel in the non-HT Duplicate PPDU.

Example 56 includes the apparatus of Example 55, wherein the preamblepuncture mask has 0 dB relative to a maximum spectral density of theradio signal at the edge of the punctured subchannels, −20 dB relativeto the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 1 MHz frequencyoffset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels, and −28 dBrelative to the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at M/2 MHzfrequency offset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels andabove, and wherein M is the separation in MHz between the lower edge ofthe lowest occupied subchannel and the higher edge of the highestoccupied subchannel in the non-HT Duplicate PPDU.

Example 57 includes the apparatus of Example 54, wherein when two ormore contiguous subchannels of 20 MHz are punctured in the non-HTDuplicate PPDU and the punctured subchannels are not at the edge of thenon-HT Duplicate PPDU, the preamble puncture mask is applied at thelower edge and at the higher edge of the punctured subchannels in thenon-HT Duplicate PPDU.

Example 58 includes the apparatus of Example 57, wherein the preamblepuncture mask has 0 dB relative to a maximum spectral density of theradio signal at the edge of the punctured subchannels, −20 dB relativeto the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 1 MHz frequencyoffset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels, and −25 dBrelative to the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at M/2 MHzfrequency offset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels andabove, and wherein M is a contiguous occupied bandwidth in MHz adjacentto the punctured subchannels.

Example 59 includes the apparatus of Example 58, wherein depends on thecontiguous occupied bandwidth adjacent to the lower edge of thepunctured subchannels and the contiguous occupied bandwidth adjacent tothe higher edge of the punctured subchannels, the preamble puncture maskapplied at the lower edge and the preamble puncture mask applied at thehigher edge of the punctured subchannels have different value of M.

Example 60 includes the apparatus of Example 54, wherein when asubchannel of 20 MHz is punctured in the non-HT Duplicated PPDU and thepunctured subchannel is not at the edge of the non-HT Duplicated PPDU,the preamble puncture mask is applied at the punctured subchannel.

Example 61 includes the apparatus of Example 60, wherein the preamblepuncture mask has 0 dB relative to a maximum spectral density of theradio signal at the edge of the punctured subchannel, −20 dB relative tothe maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 1 MHz frequencyoffset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannel, and −23 dBrelative to the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 10 MHzfrequency offset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannel.

Example 62 includes a computer readable medium storing instructionsthereon, the instructions, when executed by one or more processors,cause the one or more processors to: apply preamble puncturing for anon-High Throughput (non-HT) Duplicate Physical Layer (PHY) ProtocolData Unit (PPDU); convert the non-HT Duplicate PPDU, for which thepreamble puncturing has been applied, into a radio signal; and transmitthe radio signal according to a preamble puncture mask.

Although certain embodiments have been illustrated and described hereinfor purposes of description, a wide variety of alternate and/orequivalent embodiments or implementations calculated to achieve the samepurposes may be substituted for the embodiments shown and describedwithout departing from the scope of the disclosure. This application isintended to cover any adaptations or variations of the embodimentsdiscussed herein. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that embodimentsdescribed herein be limited only by the appended claims and theequivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: generating a trigger framecomprising puncture information for a Trigger Based (TB) Physical Layer(PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); and transmitting the trigger frame to auser device to trigger the user device to transmit the TB PPDU.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the trigger frame comprises a commoninformation field and a user information field, and the punctureinformation is contained within the common information field.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the puncture information is contained withina reserved subfield of the common information field.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the trigger frame comprises a common information fieldand a user information field, and the puncture information is containedwithin the user information field.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein theuser information field comprises a special Association Identification(AID) subfield indicating that the puncture information is containedwithin the user information field.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein thecommon information field comprises an indicator indicating that thepuncture information is contained within the user information field. 7.The method of claim 4, wherein the user information field comprises aspecial Association Identification (AID) subfield and the punctureinformation is contained within the special AID subfield.
 8. The methodof claim 6, wherein the indicator is contained within a reservedsubfield of the common information field.
 9. The method of claim 6,wherein the reserved subfield is UL HE-SIG-A2 of 9 bits.
 10. The methodof claim 1, wherein the puncture information indicates the position of apunctured sub channel within the TB PPDU.
 11. The method of claim 1,wherein the puncture information is represented by a bit map of 8 bits.12. An apparatus, comprising processor circuitry configured to: generatea trigger frame comprising puncture information for a Trigger Based (TB)Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); and transmit the triggerframe to a user device to trigger the user device to transmit the TBPPDU.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the trigger frame comprisesa common information field and a user information field, and thepuncture information is contained within the common information field.14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the puncture information iscontained within a reserved subfield of the common information field.15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the trigger frame comprises acommon information field and a user information field, and the punctureinformation is contained within the user information field.
 16. Theapparatus of claim 15, wherein the user information field comprises aspecial Association Identification (AID) subfield indicating that thepuncture information is contained within the user information field. 17.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the common information fieldcomprises an indicator that the puncture information is contained withinthe user information field.
 18. A method, comprising: applying preamblepuncturing for a non-High Throughput (non-HT) Duplicate Physical Layer(PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); converting the non-HT Duplicate PPDU,for which the preamble puncturing has been applied, into a radio signal;and transmitting the radio signal according to a preamble puncture mask.19. The method of claim 18, wherein when the lowest and/or the highestone or more subchannels are punctured in the non-HT Duplicate PPDU, thepreamble puncture mask is applied at the lower edge of the lowestoccupied subchannel and at the higher edge of the highest occupiedsubchannel in the non-HT Duplicate PPDU.
 20. The method of claim 19,wherein the preamble puncture mask has 0 dB relative to a maximumspectral density of the radio signal at the edge of the puncturedsubchannels, −20 dB relative to the maximum spectral density of theradio signal at 1 MHz frequency offset relative to the edge of thepunctured subchannels, and −28 dB relative to the maximum spectraldensity of the radio signal at M/2 MHz frequency offset relative to theedge of the punctured subchannels and above, and wherein M is theseparation in MHz between the lower edge of the lowest occupiedsubchannel and the higher edge of the highest occupied subchannel in thenon-HT Duplicate PPDU.
 21. The method of claim 18, wherein when two ormore contiguous subchannels of 20 MHz are punctured in the non-HTDuplicate PPDU and the punctured subchannels are not at the edge of thenon-HT Duplicate PPDU, the preamble puncture mask is applied at thelower edge and at the higher edge of the punctured subchannels in thenon-HT Duplicate PPDU.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the preamblepuncture mask has 0 dB relative to a maximum spectral density of theradio signal at the edge of the punctured subchannels, −20 dB relativeto the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at 1 MHz frequencyoffset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels, and −25 dBrelative to the maximum spectral density of the radio signal at M/2 MHzfrequency offset relative to the edge of the punctured subchannels andabove, and wherein M is a contiguous occupied bandwidth in MHz adjacentto the punctured subchannels.
 23. The method of claim 22, whereindepends on the contiguous occupied bandwidth adjacent to the lower edgeof the punctured subchannels and the contiguous occupied bandwidthadjacent to the higher edge of the punctured subchannels, the preamblepuncture mask applied at the lower edge and the preamble puncture maskapplied at the higher edge of the punctured subchannels have differentvalue of M.
 24. The method of claim 18, wherein when a subchannel of 20MHz is punctured in the non-HT Duplicated PPDU and the puncturedsubchannel is not at the edge of the non-HT Duplicated PPDU, thepreamble puncture mask is applied at the punctured subchannel.
 25. Themethod of claim 24, wherein the preamble puncture mask has 0 dB relativeto a maximum spectral density of the radio signal at the edge of thepunctured subchannel, −20 dB relative to the maximum spectral density ofthe radio signal at 1 MHz frequency offset relative to the edge of thepunctured sub channel, and −23 dB relative to the maximum spectraldensity of the radio signal at 10 MHz frequency offset relative to theedge of the punctured subchannel.